Trumpets and trombones have some preference for keys with a few flats.Among oboists and flutist, everybody seems to have different feelings about whether sharp or flat keys are nicer to play.Double bass has no preference for either sharps or flats, I think. Viola and celli prefer sharps too, though not as much a violins do – the strings are one step down the circle of fifths. Other thoughts: different keys are differently well-suited for various instruments. almost always up, although if you raise the entire key by a half-tone it may well be notated with five flats instead of the seven sharps you'd need. Pop doesn't tend to modulate much at all, except for the last repetition of the chorus. Whether this has any relevance to pop music is doubtful.

In this sense, a key with sharps is statistically more likely to appear bright. Now, a key with many sharps is more likely to have been reached by modulation from a flatter key, than from one with even more sharps.

( Except when they're not perception is of course highly subjective and often culturally influenced.) This is somewhat tangible: raising accidentals are likely to be perceived as “uplifting”. It certainly holds some truth, irrespective of tuning system, in the following sense: modulating to a key with more sharps evokes a “bright” sensation modulating to more flat evokes a “dark” sensation.

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